ACADEMIC WEBSITE - ADRIAN HORZYK, PhD DSc

AGH University of Science and Technology in Cracow, Poland
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering
Department of Automatics and Biomedical Engineering, Field of Biocybernetics

• Didactics
• Artificial Intelligence
• Psychological Aspects

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF INTELLIGENCE AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELLING

Communication with machines has become common and daily. It takes place through various man-machine interfaces that use menus, dialog boxes, or form elements such as checkboxes, radios, switches, selections, text-boxes, and buttons. Sometimes interfaces employ more advanced algorithms such as voice recognition and synthesis or natural language analysis and statement construction. Computers are used to deliver, forward, process, and store various kinds of data that have informative value both for people and computers which change their reactions and state after the read and processed data [1]. Nowadays we expect that computers will act and react still more and more humanlike and intelligently. ‘Intelligent’ means not only accurate, precise, efficient, deliberately using knowledge, and goal-oriented but also considering the context of needs of interacting partners. This paper focuses on automatic recognition of human needs according to the topology of personality – a list of human needs allocated to various personality types – by means of psycholinguistic analysis of text written or spoken by any analyzed person without the need to ask that person to describe his or her personality. Psycholinguistic analysis can be carried out automatically during interaction, chat, e-mail processing, or observation of human action when using the computer or surfing the web. The main challenge is to recognize individual human needs and adjust the corresponding machine routines and reactions to make the man-machine interaction pleasant, satisfactory, appropriate, and deliberate in view of these needs. Modern intelligent machines should know and understand individual human needs to cooperate with people more efficiently and supply them more adequately with what they need. They should automatically personalize websites. Thus, paramount is the knowledge of needs of the interacting people which can be formed from linguistic and non-verbal human actions.

Needs are difficult to recognize during conversation, because people rarely talk about them directly. Analysis of personality delivers a faster and much more appropriate solution, because it allows easy description of many groups of needs, behaviors, likes, dislikes, and even expected actions and reactions. This paper introduces the broaden personality typology that can be easily adapted to recognize human needs. Unlike many typologies (e.g. Myers-Briggs or C.G. Jungs), the one presented has been specifically designed for automatic computer recognition systems. It describes personality according to four main groups of needs associated with physiology, character, intellect, and spirit, which are recognized by means of used words, phrases, and inflection. It is easy to identify the physiological needs that are easy to satisfy. Other groups of needs are also important - people are rarely aware of how much they influence their decisions and choices. This paper reveals these groups of needs and relates them to preferences that determine predictable actions and reactions. This can change the impact of machines on people.

Various needs of personality incline us to do, avoid, or refuse doing something. They are also strictly related to pleasure and satisfaction that can be achieved. People usually choose satisfaction and pleasure over pain and problems, however, often the fulfillment of a given group of needs contradicts fulfilling another. In such cases people are in a dilemma. Because some personality types are usually stronger than others, estimating their strength usually enables us to predict actions and reactions of individuals. This knowledge can be used in negotiations as well as in communication. It also helps the machine to adjust its way of interaction and consequently satisfy the human interlocutor. Similar personalities, except the dominant type, usually cooperate easier, because they share pleasure. Different personalities can complement each other, although the cooperation can appear more difficult. It is necessary to understand different needs of various personality types to be able to cooperate despite the differences. Intelligent web interfaces understanding humans’ needs, fears, and desires and relating them to specific reactions allow computer systems to cooperate with people much easier.

10x10 Character Systematics (invented by Adrian Horzyk)

The human character can be classified into 20 types that are neutral in terms of moral values. Our character induces us to act, react, and desire based on the needs coming from inborn character types. Behaviors in accordance with character types and their strength give satisfaction and pleasure; behaviors that are at odds with character types cause fear, pain, distress, or dissatisfaction. The presented broaden character typology distinguishes 10 extrovert and 10 introvert types. These character types differ in preferences, actions, reactions, tendencies, and needs. Some groups of needs are opposite for different character types and induce them to perform opposing actions and reactions. These differences can be favorable if people understood their diversity and were be able to use it prudently. This is why people need to learn to negotiate and cooperate. Understanding, respect, and wise interaction allow people to cooperate and obtain mutual benefits even if a part of their needs is opposing.

Man-machine interfaces should adapt according to the character types of a human user, e.g. a customer, to make communication more efficient and enjoyable by the user. People can intelligently mold their personalities to various situations and other people. Such adapted behavior - sometimes opposite to inborn character - is usually unsatisfying at the level of character but can be profitable and pleasant in view of intellectual and spiritual needs. The most frequently used words, phrases, forms, and specific inflection for all introduced character types enable a computer system to recognize them by analysis of texts. Some of the given words and phrases can be characteristic of more than one type of character or can be used in different meaning or for different reasons. The given sets of words and phrases can be extended and weighted according to their specific frequencies of use.

Dominant type of character (DOM) is usually dominating, leading, guiding, controlling people or situations, directing, deciding, chairing, conducting, ruling, governing, recommending, suggesting, counseling, influencing, conquering, restraining, inclining, selecting, choosing, and speaking on behalf of himself and other people. He usually likes managing, deciding, making up his mind, and determining. He is usually the head, boss, manager, leader, or president. He likes to own, have, possess, acquire, purchase, buy, obtain, or master something. He also likes to operate, persuade, induce, teach, advise, instruct, program, regulate, designate, appoint, recommend, convince somebody of his point of view, and even force. He prefers new, original, intact, and untouched things. He likes to be asked for opinions, advices, suggestions, recommendations and be thanked for them, bowed to, and curtsied. He likes accommodating, submissive, obedient, docile, and yielding people, accepting his ideas, decisions, and opinions but not always in partner relationships. He does not like to be dominated, commanded, managed, determined, restrained, controlled, forced, ordered, steered, manipulated, persuaded, admonished, advised, instructed, depreciated, and humiliated. He likes freedom and independence in opposition to limitations and inability to choose or decide. He usually dislikes criticism of his opinions, choices, decisions, thoughts, ideas, and proposals. He hates to admit to his failures, mistakes, weaknesses, giving up, loss, inability, incapacity, powerlessness, helplessness etc. This type is opposite to the submissive type of character (SUB). It is recommended to let him speak, explain, clarify if you want him to listen to you. You can also kindly ask him for various thoughts, actions, and opinions. Do not forget to thank him. Leave him options, alternatives, and ability to choose and decide. Neither ignore nor disregard his opinions, advises, or suggestions. You can lead him to a preferred solution, preferably using evocative questions and proposals. Avoid admonishing, manipulating, instructing, commanding, or forcing him. Provide him with abilities and try to leave him a choice and a final decision in websites.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

I, my, we, us, our, self, want, need, decide, choose, select, elect, control, steer, drive, conduct, program, operate, order, book, recommend, autonomy, independent, sovereign, new, original, intact, untouched, have sth, own sth, owner, possess sth, option, alternative, power, selection, choices, powerful, strength, strong, big, huge, tall, high status/function; [on] my own, unaided; I/we [would] like, my/our opinion, my/our choice, from my/our point of view, to my mind, I/we think, I/we wish; you right, I/we have decided to/on, not to be dependent on sb/sth, believe me, do what I say, I/we recommend/suggest/advise, I/we agree with, I/we disagree with/on/about, I/we concur with

Characteristic inflection and forms:

suggestions, recomendations, demands, commands and orders; speaking on behalf of a group of people; expressions of selections, choices and decisions; giving own opinions and points of view; possible various expressions of a refusal, contrary, revolt, rebel or mutiny

Submissive type of character (SUB) seems to be submissive, adjusting, accommodating, obedient, docile, yielding, passive, indecisive, conformist, listening, and cooperative. He needs help, support, advice, suggestions, assistance, and consultations to act, choose, decide, or operate. He likes to listen to opinions, analyses, experts, authorities, managers, bosses etc. He does not like to make decision or choices without advise, assistance, or support. He does not want to lead, guide, manage, and chair. He avoids or postpones choices and decisions. He does not like to take responsibility and control. This type is opposite to the dominant type of character (DOM). You can easily cooperate with him by taking control over him and inducing him to accomplish your targets or plans. Advice, recommendations, suggestions help him with choices and decisions. Give him instructions and clarify your expectations. Sometimes you can even push him to do something for which he will be grateful. Try to advise him on the best way to proceed in websites.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

he, she, you, they, his, her, your, their, experts, opinion, statistics, other, others; maybe, perhaps; I consult it; I (need/have to) ask sb an advise; I decide/choose later; I have to think about it; what would you advise me; what will you choose; tell me your opinion; give me an advise

Characteristic inflection and forms:

encouragement to make decision or choice without him or together with him; ask for advise, suggestions, opinions

Maximalist type of character (MAX) seems to be ambitious, insatiable, unrestrained, excessive, optimistic, demanding, exacting, expecting a lot of everything, generalizing, striving to the sublime, extreme, great, unique, extravagant, and full of fervor things, properties, imaginations, actions, and feelings. He likes to have, get, own, possess, obtain, and win more and more, something bigger, larger, longer, faster, better, or possibly all, everything, everywhere etc. He likes to win first places or positions, be on the top of something. He looks for something extreme, unique, rare, unusual, enormous, huge, super, great, significant, maximal, and the best. He likes challenges, difficulties, and even problems that he can overcome or solve. He does not like restrictions, limitations, reductions, decreases, simplifications, half measures, compromises, mediocrity, minor, lesser, small, or insignificant things, goals, aims, targets, actions, features, parameters, experiences, or feelings. He avoids pessimists and people that cut off, discourage him, or try to persuade him that his targets are impossible to achieve or beyond his scope. He does not like inactivity and stagnation. This type is opposite to the minimalist type of character (MIN). It strengthens all other types of character and all other features of personality. Talk to him about significant plans, visions, concepts, targets, aims, and goals and try to cooperate with him to achieve them and overcome limitations and restrictions but do not discourage him. You can easily offer him everything that will make him closer to reaching his goals and visions. You can also raise the bar for him and give him challenging tasks to solve or manage. Do not give him too many options if you are not ready to give him all of them. Let him surpass, compete, rival, vie, emulate, and contend. Try to show him exceptional parameters in websites and ways how to achieve them.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

all, every, 100%, everything, collection, everywere, never, always, everybody, nobody, entire, without restriction or limitation, great, large, huge, extreme, extra-, super-, mega-, ultra-, hyper-, enormous, maximal, optimal, fast, rapid, speedy, quick, nice, wonderful, exceptional, remarkable, revolutionary, modern, high-end, unique, rare, better, the best, more, the most, higher, the highest, big, bigger, the biggest, an extreme size, weight or height of physical or intelectual features or parameters, no problem, challenge, competitions, compete, rival, vie, emulate, contend; vision, concept, goal, target, aim; I/we manage to do sth, I/we cope with sth; I/we get by/along

Characteristic inflection and forms:

asking for something more extreme (bigger, taller, faster etc.); describing extreme targets, goals, aims, visions or dreams; using adjectives and adverbs in comparative and superlative forms

Minimalist type of character (MIN) seems to be minimizing, passive, with low expectations, and settling for what he already has. He can renounce, withdraw, or pull out when something requires too much effort. He has no special or ambitious needs, requirements, or expectations. Almost everything he has is sufficient for him. He does not need to particularly develop professionally or intellectually. He is satisfied with standards, norms, and common things, actions, treatment, and features. He likes easy jobs and tasks. He usually does not take up optional or challenging tasks. He usually withdraws when he is pushed to do too many or too difficult things. He avoids responsibility and engaging in demanding tasks or problems. Competition or punishment will usually not motivate him to do something more or better. This type is opposite to the maximalist type of character (MAX). Do not push him nor force him to do too many things, because he will escape to find something easier. He does not demand high salary so you can assign simpler tasks to him. Try to present him with everything in the most simple and effortless way in websites.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

O.K., enough, sufficient, fit, without, just, any, whatever, minimum, insignificant, unimportant, do not matter, little, less, the least, low, the lowest, settle for; normal, common, average, casual, ordinary, mediocre, typical, standard, usual, simple

Characteristic inflection and forms:

usually short sentences, using of reducing words expressing sufficiency

Inspiring type of character (INS) seems to be inspirational, inspiring, creative, spontaneous, improvising, concocting, sometimes impulsive, hasty, rash, irrational, unconventional, unpredictable, enigmatic, surprising, inspired, disorganized, and chaotic. He likes new, different, various, interesting, inspiring, mysterious, fascinating, secretive, funny, artistic, unique, and creative things, actions, and features. He looks for inspiring and unusual arrangements, associations, things, features, actions, reactions, parameters, layouts, relations, feelings, experiences, knowledge, behaviors, ideas, concepts, targets etc. He likes surprises, astonishments, unexpected things, reactions, and behaviors. He likes to act differently, intuitively, and creatively. He does not like well-worn phrases, trite words, outlines, rigid rules, plans, models, typologies, established procedures, stiff routines, regulations, categorizations, classifications, and stereotypes. He dislikes common, simple, normal, usual, and ordinary things, features, and behaviors. He hates to repeat uninspiring and unchanged actions and operations. This type is opposite to the systematic type of character (SYS). Do not cut his ideas, visions, or proposals. Let him inspire and positively surprise other people. Try not to limit or restrict him. Use his ideas and talk with him about them. Leave him create and find extraordinary solutions. Do not order, contract, or force him to repeat the same things many times, because he will escape to find something more inspiring. Try to present him with new ideas or products in the most inspirational ways or contexts in websites.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

idea, surprise, unexpected, unknown, new, revolution, inspiring, inspirational, inspired, remarkable, fantastic, mysterious, magic, enigmatic, special, unique, super, muse, mood, art, artistic, imaginatively, create, creative, fashion, improvisation, secrete, strange, dream, fascinating; I have thought about, I have invented/devised/concoct, I have been inspired/enthralled by something, I have been surprised

Characteristic inflection and forms:

talking about invention, projects, conceptions, style, fashion, inspiration, surprise

Systematic type of character (SYS) seems to be systematic, organized, arranging, scheduling, steady, regular, predictable, and schematic. He likes plans, notes, regulations, models, rules, outlines, diagrams, formulas, schemes, recipes, systems, standards, norms, schedules, punctuality, lists, tables, grouping, arrangements, clusterization, classification, and typologies. He also likes to sort, order, arrange, organize, systematize, shape, categorize, classify, cluster, group, form a sequence or chronology, enumerate, list, and schedule everything. He operates and acts according to prepared plans, rules, and algorithms. To him, everything should have its right place and time. He enumerates often and shows chronological dependencies between things, operations, and actions. He does everything in order or following schedule. He usually ticks and marks off the completed tasks. He creates models, plans, and strategies for possibly all predictable situations. He dislikes mess, disorder, and lack of adequate arrangements or plans. He usually does not like surprises, twists that violate his plans or schedules. He hates to act without previous planning and scheduling. This type is opposite to the inspiring type of character (INS). When dealing with him, try to be punctual and precise. Map, reproduce, or copy his way of ordering things. Enumerate when he enumerates. Try to keep things in order and chronology. Tidy up if somewhere is a mess. Do not change his plans or schedules unless necessary. Give him time to plan again or reschedule. Assign plans, schedules, models, rules, regulations, standards, and instructions to him. Try to present him with well-ordered websites and the ability to plan, organize, enumerate, and schedule.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

first, second, third, fourth, fifth, previous, next, last, at last, now, earlier, later, at the beginning, start, start with, at the end, mess, tidiness, untidy, gradually, step, in steps, one by one, one after the other, chronologically, in turn, in its place, in order, order, sort, sequence, rank, systematize, step, level, stage, arrange, classify, cluster, chronology, enumerate, appointment, note, diary, timetable, layout, plans, models, rules, diagrams, outlines, formulas, schemes, schedules, recipes, systems, standards, norms, lists, tables, maps, notes, regulation, punctuality, compose, composition, group, structure, model, organization, organize, think, lay out, plan out, unfold, divide, spread out, time, on time, date, deadline, count, synchronize, schedule, reschedule

Characteristic inflection and forms:

various expressions of time and date; enumeration or list something; temporal or spatial relations and order; construction of well-arranged statements, speeches, talks, articles and papers

Discovering type of character (DIS) seems to be discovering, curious, inquiring, investigating, detective, open-minded, liberal, tolerant, progressive, trying, tasting, experimenting, searching, blending, mixing, and decomposing into prime factors. He likes to discover, examine, explore, test, check, try, experiment, form various associations and understand unknown and undiscovered things, actions, reactions, behaviors, relations, and features. He frequently queries himself and other people. He prefers check to believe. He likes to watch, listen, touch, sniff, and taste various interesting things in order to discover something new, unknown, unusual, curious, enigmatic, mysterious, obscure, and unordinary occurring. He likes news, new hypotheses, technologies, statements, rules, models, principles, theories, inventions, investigations, and their products. He also likes questions, discussions, and debates. He does not like stereotypes and simple, normal, unusual, common, and ordinary things, features, actions, reactions, rigid rules, plans, procedures, boredom, inactivity, lack of novelty, innovations, and changes, a repetition, a monotony, a humdrum, and routine. He hates conservatism and immutable, primitive, and backward things and behaviors. This type is opposite to the conservative type of character (CON). Talk with him about news, discoveries, reveals, mysteries, and other new, innovative, curious, and interesting things, ideas, associations, relations, opinions, facts, behaviors, actions, reactions, responses, and topics. Conduct conversation and discussion towards discovering topics. Bring something undiscovered up for discussion. Ask and let him ask, discuss and let him discuss as well. Together with him, try to use or reveal new hypothesis, theories, rules, or principles in websites.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

why, ask, explain, test, compare, understand, discover, reveal, discern, check, check-up, compare, recognize, reconnoitre, examine, penetrate, integrate, understand, new, news, novelty, inventive, innovative, unknown, unusual, unordinary, curious, interesting, brilliant, inventive, riddle, mystery, relation, explore, penetrate, classify, examine, associate, think over/about, ponder over, make out, hypothesis, theory, observation, remark, proposal, invension, technology, progress

Characteristic inflection and forms:

lot's of various questions, asks and request for explanations of something he would like to known or understand, asks for opinions and points of view, I would like to know/understand

Conservative type of character (CON) seems to be conservative, conventional, traditional, permanent, loyal, faithful, sentimental, stable, unchanging, hermetic, insular, retaining the old, and proven. He likes permanent, immutable, unchanged things and behaviors. He likes conventions, rules, principles, fidelity, tradition, faith, and doctrines. He usually prefers old, checked, known, proven, well-tried, the same places, the same time, and the same people. He does not change his mind often. He believes in many things and does not need to reveal or discover anything new. He usually rejects new ideas, hypothesis, theories, principles, and rules. He hardly accepts any progress, changes, or innovations. He does not like revolution or evolution. He prefers solid, fixed, and permanent things, behaviors, dislikes mixtures, hybrids, new combinations etc. He has few friends and his neighborhood is usually very hermetic. This type is opposite to the discovering type of character (DIS). Do not try to convince him too fast. Gradually introduce and explain to him new rules, ideas, hypotheses, or theories. Emphasize faith, loyalty, and faithfulness. You can please him many times using the same things, gifts, strategies, or inviting him to the same liked places. Try not to change the websites he likes.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

the same, proven, tradition, habit, affection, faithful, loyal, principle, rule, stable, old, common, typical, stylish, convention, doctrine, faith, permanent, immutable, unchange; retaining rules and principles, faithful, fidelity, tolerance, restrain, religion, confidence, trust

Characteristic inflection and forms:

lot's of statements, orders, appeals and referention to rules and principles

Verifying type of character (VER) seems to be always meticulous, pedantic, verifying, comparing, differentiating, discriminating, checking, inspecting, monitoring, controlling (quality, compliance), honest, truthful, evaluating, commenting, and looking for details, inconsistency, mistakes, incompatibility, and incoherence. He likes to watch, observe, listen, feel, and smell to compare, distinguish, and find out differences, faults, mistakes, errors, breakdowns, failures, misplacements, defects, gaps, carelessness, omissions, shortcomings, oversights, negligence, inconsistencies, inaccuracy, incoherency, inexactness, disparity, inexactitude, incompatibility, weaknesses, miscalculations, misreading, misconceptions etc. He pays attention to dirty, spoiled, scratched, crooked, broken, careless, risky, and ambiguous things, which he tries to check, point out, verify, control, clean, improve, correct, repair, mend, rectify, remedy, and fix. Whenever he does not share another’s point of view, he disagrees, opposes, or denies showing the detected contradictions. He cares for neatness, meticulousness, punctiliousness, and redress. He also likes to detect and uncover lies, manipulation, untruth, and falsehood. He despises it when somebody ignores or disregards his remarks and comments. This type is opposite to the overlooking type of character (OVE). Try to listen to his remarks, suggestions, insights, critique, and comments. Neither quarrel nor argue with what he has said, but thank him for his remarks and ask for more details until he will not be able to provide more insight. You do not have to agree with him but take into consideration what he said, tell him your arguments, opinions, substantiate if you agree, or enumerate points you disagree with and explain why. Do not underestimate or underrate his remarks and treat them as criticism, or reject his insights, remarks, and observations. When discussing something with him, weigh your words and choose them carefully. Let him reveal mistakes, errors, bugs, lacks, lies, faults, inconsistency, negligence, or contradictions, and take benefits from the free gathered information. Your websites have to be reliable and without mistakes and errors to win his confidence.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

No, [verb] not, mis-, in-, im-, dis-, un-, -less, truth, exact, accuracy, sincere, disagree, incorrect, mistake, fault, error, break down, failure, gap, defect, bad, lie, mistakes, bugs, lacks, negligence, oversights, shortcomings, flaw, efficient, inconsistent, weekness, disparity, incompleteness, inaccurate, imprecise, inconsistent, misplaced, careless, omitted, dirty, spoiled, scratched, crooked, broken, careless, ambiguos, risk, show, look at, attention, note, control, quality, details, detailed, precise, inaccurate, neglected, controversy, inexact, verify, check, control, clean, improve, correct, repair, mend, fix, remedy, rectify, redress, neatness, remark, notice, watch, observe, point out, thorough, painstaking, meticulous, punctilious; manipulation, intrigue, hypocrisy, dishonesty, contradiction, ambiguous, conflict, misreading, miscalculation, misconception, carelessness, imprecise or inaccurate things and actions; underestimation, underrations; misrepresentation, stretching reality/truth; be meticulous in sth/in doing sth; put the emphasis on sth

Characteristic inflection and forms:

critical and meticulous statements, point out various differences, impreciseness, faults, mistakes, inaccurateness, carelessness

Overlooking type of character (OVE) seems to be overlooking, blurring, blending, unifying, joining, merging, generalizing, ascending, lifting, looking for similarities, aggregations, unification, grouping, classifying, clustering, and consolidating. He allows, permits, admits, and enables some unimportant or irrelevant mistakes, errors, faults, incoherency, inconsistency, incompatibility etc. He likes to blend, blur, unify, join, merge, generalize, overlook, ascend, lift, broaden, widen, spread, and widespread. He is tolerant and understanding. He usually passes over details, trifles, and odds. He does not like narrowing, reducing, and depleting. Assortments, types, sorts, differences, diversities, and discrimination are not as important for him as globalization, generalization, grouping, clusterization, and classification. This type is opposite to the verifying type of character (VER). Try to generalize and show tasks broadly, generally, and in a wider context, scope, or circumstances. Pass over the marginal, trifles, and do not be too accurate and meticulous unless necessary. The websites should present overviews of things, rules, and products in general.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

all, no, not any, everything, everybody, everyone, nobody, nothing, nowhere; blur, blend, unify, join, merge, classify, cluster, group, generalize, overlook, ascend, lift, similar, aggregate, consolidate, complete, broaden, widen, spread, increase, enhance, horizons, scope; unit, generally, usually, widely, overall, comprehensive, exhaustive, global, mostly, vaguely, majority, broad, wide, total, overall, miscellaneous, widespread, allow, permit, admit, enable, close, closer, near, similarity, cohesion, consolidation, globalization, grouping, over-, up-, every-, no-

Characteristic inflection and forms:

generalizing, overlooking, flatten, oversimplifying

Sharpening type of character (SHA) seems to be sharp, hard, tough, hot-blooded, active, keen, intense, acute, sharpening, competing, conflicting, disagreeing, forbidding, disallowing, critical, rivaling, and competitive. He likes to sharpen, fuel, inflame, exacerbate, edge, distinguish, indicate, label, mark, emphasize, split, break apart, strict, specify, make more specific, qualify, differentiate, point out, and bring matters to a head/edge. He also likes to confront, compete, rival, struggle, or stand up for something, wrestle, fight, take up the gauntlet, and throw down the gauntlet to somebody. He does not like to ease off, resign, give up, withdraw, abandon, dispense, skip, smooth, moderate, and tone down. This type is opposite to the harmonious type of character (HAR). Try to explain, establish, fix, and arrange everything necessary. Do not rely or count on smoothing, withdrawing, or easing off. In websites everything should be clear and sharp.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

no, not, sharp, hard, hot, tough, keen, precisely, adequate, right, keen, rough, steep, hard, clear, angular, controversial, defend, debate, discussion, disagree; intense, acute, sharpening, competing, conflicting, disagreeing, not permiting, not allowing, critical, rival, competitive, sharpen, fuel, bring matters to a head, edge, distinguish, indicate, label, mark, emphasise, split, break apart, strict, specify, make more specific, qualify, differentiate, difficult, point out; confront, compete, rival, struggle, stand up for something, wrestle, fight, taking up the gauntlet, throwing down the gauntlet to somebody

Characteristic inflection and forms:

statements, orders, commands

Harmonious type of character (HAR) seems to be harmonious, compliant, agreeable, tuning, avoiding conflicts, quarrels, critics, rows, brawls, fights, and disagreements, reconciling, non-confrontational, gentle, symbiotic, forgiving, softening, and prone to compromises. He likes rhythm, matching, softening, smoothing, rounding, harmony, mitigation, ease, conciliation, and reconciliation of people. If necessary, he arbitrates, mediates, or appeases disputes and conflicts, makes peace with others, and form symbiosis between things. He can forgive, adapt, accommodate, adjust, tune, fit, and make things together. He likes to alleviate stressful and nervous situations. He relieves, reduces, calms, appeases, assuages, eases, and moderates all conflicting or difficult situations. He shuts himself away from conflicting people and opens up very slowly if he is not assured that his opinion can start a conflict. This type is opposite to the sharpening type of character (SHA). If you want to know his opinion, point of view, or want him to slowly open up, you have to treat him very softly and in peace. You can easily drive or force him to do something, but he will lie or dislike, keep away, and avoid you in the future. In websites everything should perfectly match, fit, and harmonize.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

O.K., okay, yes, good, no problem, agree, confirm, bit, little, a bit, a little, gently, kindly, not so much, so, well, I agree, never mind, can happen to anyone, little, not many, small, slight, minor, almost, let off; peace, quiet, peace, harmony, melody, It is interesting, I ponder over this, I think about this; I ask my; do you mind if I; excuse me, forgive me, sorry, weepy; agreement, tuning, rhythm, match, soft, smooth, easy, round, harmonize, mitigation, conciliate, reconcile, appease, peace, symbiosis, adapt, accommodate, adjust, tune, fit, relieve, reduce, calm, appease, assuage, moderate

Characteristic inflection and forms:

questions and asks, white lies, lies, telling to seek advice from somebody, diminutives and weaken words; handle somebody with kid glove; pull wool over somebody's eyes; beat about the bush; minces his words, excusing oneself, asking for permission

Empathic type of character (EMP) seems to be empathic, personal, talkative, compassionate, caring, affectionate, sensitive, tender, emotional, gentle, open, warm, and soothing. He likes to listen to emotional confidences and secrets. He tries to be closer, friendlier, and reducing distance. He likes to personify and embody animals and even things. He reveals and lets other people get to know him and expects the same from others. He does not like when somebody hides emotions or is cold, subjective, impersonal, and formal, does not explain his intentions and reasons of doing something. He also does not like disturbing personal reflections and moving immediately to the heart of the matter. This type is opposite to the matter-of-fact type of character (MAT). Be open and friendly to him. Tell him about your intentions, reasons, purposes, problems, difficulties, and he will usually try to understand and help you. Try to understand his intentions, do personal digressions and reflections. Do not come straight to the point and let him understand you. He likes social and personalized websites, natural language communication and usually prefers even artificially emotional chatbots over forms and menus.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

nice, I am, children, family, friend, wife, husband, son, daughter, grandma, grandpa, uncle, aunt, nephew, hurt, wound, distress, unpleasantness, tribulation, understand, tell me about your problem/situation, how about you, for you, with you, intend, intention, reason, understand, disclose, show me, tell me, with a view to doing something, with the purpose of doing something, that is why, because, why, as, since, for, in order to, mean, what for, sympathy, sympathize with somebody, compassion, care, compassionate, condolence, pity somebody, regret, help, reciprocate, feel sorry for somebody, heart, disclose, confide

Characteristic inflection and forms:

white lies to avoid unpleasant situation, diminutives, telling about intentions, reciprocate, weaken words, digressions, intentions, reasons and motivations behind behaviour and decisions

Matter-of-fact type of character (MAT) seems to be subjective, businesslike, matter-of-fact, brief, concise, succinct, curt, productive, practical, cold, impersonal, often personally self-contained, introvert, and shy. He is focused on subjects and practical aspects. He can be very efficient, focused, productive, so the execution and solution of a task can be very fast. Moreover, he likes completed work, tasks, and examinations, so he dislikes leaving tasks open or unfinished. He also likes to finish previous tasks before he starts new ones. He comes straight to the point, gets to the heart of the matter, and hits the nail on the head. He does not like when somebody handles him with kid gloves, pulls wool over his eyes, beats about the bush, and minces his words. He is not pleased by irrelevant or personal reflections and digressions. He rarely talks and reveals personal reasons, purposes, and intentions. He does not like vague and unsubstantial discussions and conversations. He usually hastens and pushes for concrete facts if somebody is beating about the bush. This type is opposite to the empathic type of character (EMP). Talk to him briefly, concisely, and in concrete terms in websites. Do not mince words or beat about the bush. Avoid irrelevant digressions and go straight down to business. Use facts, specifics, and get down to brass tacks. Do not reveal yourself too much and too quickly. Avoid assigning to him next tasks before he finishes the previous ones. You can use his efficiency and focus on subjects and facts to do something quickly.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

performance, efficient, fast, brief, quick, finish, complete, concisely, concrete facts, specifics, hurry, hurry up, hasten, quickly, talk sense, subject, task, issue, core, practical, sensible, businesslike, precisely, accurately, exactly, concise, succinct, matter, substance, matter-of-fact, heart of the matter, hit the nail of the head, get on somebody with one's work, let's get down to facts / business / specifics, get down to brass tacks, talk sense, bring something to a conclusion; to get to the bottom of a matter; get down to brass tacks

Characteristic inflection and forms:

rare or no intention and a little explanation, short matter-of-fact speech, talk without beating about the bush

Brave type of character (BRA) seems to be brave, courageous, surpassing, daring, valiant, heroic, bold, brash, and open to risk. He likes adrenaline, danger, hazard, and risk. He can sometimes behave like a stuntman. He prefers to take up difficult and dangerous challenges and he puts out challenges to other people. He is usually skillful, fit, and active. He does not like timid, fearful, and cowardly people. He avoids too much insurance, protection, and security, because it deprives him of pleasure. He does not like to talk about protection, security, risks, and strings. This type is opposite to the protective type of character (PRO). You can assign to him difficult and even dangerous projects, tasks, and positions. Telling him about their risks, hazard, threats, and dangers motivates him to take them up and act. Allow him to surpass and cross borders.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

challange, difficult, brave, courage, valiant, bold, brash, risk, stuntman, adrenaline, danger, hero, excessive, defend, fight, no fear

Characteristic inflection and forms:

encouragements and hasten to act

Protective type of character (PRO) seems to be protecting, insuring, ensuring, preventive, careful, restrained, cautious, questioning, blocking, checking, and controlling. He likes guarantee, safeguards, and safe alternatives. He usually warns others against risks, strings, danger, which he tries to limit by prevention, suitable planning, education, examination, or preparation. He purchases proven and reliable products. He always anticipates, expects risks, danger, troubles, or problems, so he usually demands guarantee, protection, and insurance. He wants to be prepared and know what to do when difficulties or troubles occur. He has some reserves, provisions, and stores for unexpected situations. He does not like ignoring or disregarding his warnings, rules, steps, plans, prevention and means of caution, safety, and security. He avoids cooperating with people who do not see strings, risks, hazard, and danger. He always has a comprehensive policy, insurance, backups, or safe-locks. This type is opposite to the brave type of character (BRA). Assure him that his words of caution and warnings are taken into consideration and are treated seriously. Try to provide him with protection, antivirus software, firewalls, and secure passwords to protect him as much as possible. Enable him to make backups, use RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) and other types of protection. Ask him for more notices, warnings, and his recommendation how to manage risks, strings, and danger. You do not need to accomplish all his protective proposals but do not ignore or underestimate them.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

but, problem, doubt, misgivings, careful, safe, strongbox, key, security, danger, cautious, reliable, sure, confident, certain, secure, warrant, sure, protect, provisions, stores, stock, alert, prevent, protect, precaution, protect, backup, firewall, alarm, be assured, guaranteed, warranted, insured, prudent, risk, threat, hazard, trouble, safeguard, precautionary measure against something, alarm, alert, warn, limit, precaution against risks, just in case, can be necessary, put away something for a rainy day

Characteristic inflection and forms:

alerts, warnings, raise doubts, something but something; suspicious and mistrustful asks, questions and statements

Generous type of character (GEN) seems to be generous, lavish, and helpful. He likes opulent, showy, sumptuous, glamorous parties, and receptions. He can hardly refrain from giving, and remitting if he is asked for it. He likes spending money and takes loans. He likes to gratify, share, lend, distribute, and sponsor. He can give back or help using the resources of other people. He does not like saving, storing money, economical solutions, and misers. He rarely stores reserves and savings. He likes to distribute and give gratuities. He often purchases splendid and opulent but disposable products. This type is opposite to the thrifty type of character (THR). You can easily get his help, support, or a loan even without percentage. He can help or donate you if you ask for it.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

give, bestow, convey, gift, lavish, opulent, showy, sumptous, generous, expensive, striking, gesture, donation, support, assistance, help, charity, foundation, funds, donate

Thrifty type of character (THR) seems to be thrifty, economical, optimizing, minimizing, maximizing, and saving. Saving is his way of earning money or supplementing it. He likes to recycle, refactor, and reuse, so he prefers to purchase multiply used things and products. He likes scalable and profitable products. He counts up and sums up possible or predictable profits, percentages, benefits, and advantages in a long period of time. He does not like to waste time, money, or other resources. He avoids or cuts any predictable loss. He also does not like to leave unused resources, residues, and leftovers. He does not like spoilage and throwaway things. He switches off the light, engines, ovens, radios, computers, gas etc. He likes to use any kind of labor-saving, space-saving, fuel-saving, and energy-saving solutions: LED diodes, screensavers, hybrid engines etc. He prefers cost-effective solutions. He likes promotional campaigns and special offers in markets, shops, and e-commerce. This type is opposite to the generous type of character (GEN). Try to provide him with the ability to take advantages of promotions and discounts in web stores.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

effective, efficient, saving, bank, account, spend, too much, too many, lose, loss, waste, cut, miss, safe, discount, cheap, promotion, share, utilize, eco, ecology, ecological, recycle, reuse, refactoring, turn off, switch off, cost-effective, energy-effective, LED, green energy, rate, percentage, commission, special offer, fuel-saving, energy-saving, -saving, minimize, maximize, optimize, profitable, cut one's loss

Favoring type of character (FAV) seems to be favoring, preferring, biased, opposite, contrasting, advertising, promoting, recommending, selecting, opposing, distinctive, distinguishing, destabilizing, careerist, and tolerant. He does not like leveling, smoothing, equaling, balancing, compensating, ruling, adjusting anything, and comparing similarities. He prefers special, unique, individualistic, particular, different, and contrasting things, features, and people. He likes to award, favor, promote, differentiate, distinguish, diversify, contrast, highlight, accentuate, select, and choose accordingly to one’s abilities, knowledge, and talents. This type is opposite to the balanced type of character (BAL). If you can do something special, you can ask him to promote and support you. Try to stand out from other people and show your special features and abilities. Construct original, contrasting, and distinctive websites to attract his attention.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

my, your, our, your, special, unique, individualistic, favorite, particular, selective, chosen, preference, award, recommendation, promotion, distinguish, differentiate, diversify, accent, highlight, opposed, in contrast to, depending on, respectively to, in relation to, by, unbalanced, different

Characteristic inflection and forms:

distinguishing and differentiating

Balancing type of character (BAL) seems to be balancing, equating, comparing, weighing, examining, tuning, measuring, assessing, sizing, leveling, calibrating, grading accordingly to the size, equally dividing, and usually striving for some kind of justice, compensation, or fulfillment. He likes to arbitrate, adjudicate, and execute rights. He expects balance, reciprocity, and mutual concessions. He likes to keep things in balance and counterbalance. He expects compensation and justice. He dislikes injustice, imbalance, inequality, detuning, favoritism, biasing, corruption, unjust systems, unbalanced things or judgments, unfair and inconsistent actions. This type is opposite to the favorable type of character (FAV). Keep everything in balance, be fair, just, honest, reciprocating, self-critical, and compensating in web services. Divide exactly, evenly, and equally. Do not promote or favor somebody or something too much without justification and arguments balancing such kind of behaviors.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

balance, balancing, in balance, counterbalance, compensation for sth, exact, accurate, precise, properly, evenly, evaluate, measure, measuring, assess, assessing, weight, weighting, weight out, level, calibrate, estimate, sizing, sort, grade, according to size, to keep things in balance, compare, compensate for, equal, be consistent, just, justice, fair, fairness, unfair, unfairly, judge, principle, rule, law, reciprocate, repay, be consistent, compensate, settle a debt, equalize, level, make something up to somebody, consistant, consequence, counterbalance

Characteristic inflection and forms:

balancing, comparison, weighting, measuring, calibrating

Intellect (INT) can also be considered as an important part of personality. Everybody is intelligent in one way or another – people perform different activities that lead to development of intelligence in various areas of knowledge. People who actively develop intellect like to associate interesting facts in various contexts, learn and seek new sources of information, and increase their possibilities of perception of incoming information. They clarify and expand their vocabulary to increase their ability to differentiate and discriminate. They try to make their knowledge reliable, coherent, consistent, verified, and well-associated with other facts and rules. They like to receive, acquire, and purchase a variety of information from different sources. They also want to cooperate with people who have interesting knowledge, experience, or abilities. They like to read books, magazines, papers, websites, create efficient methods, techniques, algorithms, and solutions. Intelligence increases efficiency, boosts effectiveness, and optimizes behaviors and operations. Intelligence is closely related to knowledge, experience, learning, and abilities.

You can distinguish it after the most frequently used, preferred, and liked words, phrases, and inflection:

Characteristic words and phrases:

data, information, knowledge, learning, teaching, education, research, investigation, school, college, university, technology, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, history, geography, magazine, book, newspaper, publication, article, science, scientific, cognitive, think, reason, couse, effect, motive, consider, reconsider, explore, apply, explain, understand, clever, smart, intelligent, intelligence, intellect, associate, associations, relation, relationship, correlation, development, progress, growth, evolution, revolution, tranformation, adaptation, searching for, looking for, seek, find out, explain it to me, let me know, definition, accuracy, accurately, precisely, exactly

Characteristic inflection and forms:

asking, seeking, searching, comparing, associating, learning

Automatic tuning and adaptation of the intelligent system to the recognized human personality and its needs are very demanded. Web intelligence demands suitable reactions to the needs of interacting people. If needs are suitably satisfied, the web interface gives the impression of understanding interacting people and appears more intelligent. Thanks to the presented typology we can automatically recognize groups of needs that are usually related to recognized personality types. The types and their intensities can be recognized by analyzing frequent words, phrases, and inflection used by interacting people. After successful recognition, a computer web system can accordingly adapt graphical elements of web pages as well as its way of talking with the interacting person. Positive responses of interacting people are more frequent when websites are adapted to the recognized needs and people’s likes. This paper has introduced an extensive character typology that allows for precise recognition of character types and needs. This psycholinguistic aspect of web interaction enables to automate many processes and leads to more positive responses of interacting people than otherwise. It also enables to construct automatic chatbots that intelligently react to human needs and are able to understand and satisfy them. Thanks to this psycholinguistic model, people do not need to directly reveal themselves or describe their needs to machines. Linguistic communication is very natural for people, so it can be used to quantify and classify individual human personality in order to adjust and tune the corresponding machine reactions. Using the introduced personality typology, machines have to simply count up characteristic words, phrases, and inflection and weigh them in order to build a personalized interaction model according to recognized individual human needs. For this purpose, the machine can use electronic correspondence, answers, written responses, or chatbot conversations. The presented typology describes also the recommended treatment of a person of an established type of character. It allows us to construct intelligent and personality-sensitive man-machine web interfaces which make the interaction between people and machines more humanlike and friendly. Accurate identification of human needs is also indispensable to development of intelligent systems that can form knowledge and enhance intelligence. The use of this model depends on the application, e.g. to incline customers to buy products that correspond to their needs, to make the web communication between man and machine more pleasant, simple, intuitive, and predictable.

This paper presented the extensive model of personality typology that can be used in psycholinguistic web interaction. The positive response to recognized individual needs is one of the most important aspects of the intelligent behavior that can be implemented in the intelligent web interfaces. The personality analysis can be carried out during a chatbot talk, automatic correspondence or searching through various texts of an analyzed person. People like similarities in behavior, views, and ideas, so this typology can help to adapt web systems to satisfy such needs. The defined groups of needs allow the system to quickly adapt and predict individual reactions of web customers and better run a web business.

Interesting links and extra materials to study:

1. A. Horzyk, Negotiations: proven strategies, Edgard, Warsaw, 2012, pp. 1-192.
2. A. Horzyk, R. Tadeusiewicz, A Psycholinguistic Model of Man-Machine Interactions Based on Needs of Human Personality