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Dr inż. Elżbieta FORNALIK
Position
2001 - ... Research Associate, Department of Theoretical Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Non-ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology
Education
1991 - 1996 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Nuclear Physics , speciality Energetics (M. Sc.of Technical Physics in 1996)
1996 - 2000 Ph. D. Course, AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, speciality Heat Transfer (Ph. D. in 2000)
1997 - 1999 Japanese Government Scholarship, (Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Kyoto University)
Professional Record

1996 - Trainee, AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Non-ferrous Metals, Department of Theoretical Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering
2000 - 2001 - Assistant, AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Non-ferrous Metals, Department of Theoretical Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering
w latach 2001 - 2003 Visiting Researcher at Ruhr University Bochum, within a framework of Polish - German Scientific and Technological Co-operation Joint Project (5 visits)
2003-2004 - visiting professor, Kyushu University
2004-2005 - research associate, Kyushu University
Research Activities
Experimental investigations of heat and mass transfer and fluid mechanics related phenomena: impinging jets, heat transfer processes in turbulent confined jets, convection in Czochralski melt systems, magnetic convection.
Selected papers
E. Fornalik, Y. Yamamoto, W. Chen, K. Nakabe, K. Suzuki (1999); "Visualization of heat transfer enhancement regions modified by the interaction of inclined impinging jets into crossflow", Machine Graphics and Vision vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 597-609.
Abstract
Visualization of heat transfer enhancement regions was made for a pair of jets obliquely discharged into a crossflow. The present study was provided to examine the interaction between the two oblique jets and also to compare two cases of vertical and oblique jets. The temperatures of the heat transfer target surface were visualized with thermochromic liquid crystal sheets. The colors of the liquid crystal images taken by a CCD camera were transformed accurately and effectively into the temperatures by means of the neural network technique to obtain Nusselt number distributions on the target surface. Fluorescent dyes were added to the jet fluid to visualize also the cross-sectional flow patterns with the light sheet of a laser. The most important parameter used in the present study was the velocity ratio VR of the jet to the crossflow besides Reynolds number. It was observed that the behaviors of large-scale longitudinal vortices generated by the oblique jets were affected by the mutual interaction between the two jets. The locations of the longitudinal vortices were found to correspond well to the Nusselt number contours, the ridgelines of which, in particular, were situated almost parallel to the axes of the longitudinal vortex. The two ridgetops or peaks were observed in the Nusselt number contours. In the case of the oblique jets, the upstream peak was higher than the downstream one in higher VR ratio, while in the case of vertical jet the downstream peak was always higher than the upstream one.

K. Nakabe, E. Fornalik, J. F. Eschenbacher, Y. Yamamoto, T. Ohta and K. Suzuki (2001): "Interactions of longitudinal vortices generated by twin inclined jets and enhancement of impingement heat transfer", Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow, vol. 22, pp. 287-292.
Abstract
The present study was provided to examine the interaction between two inclined impinging jets in in-line and staggered arrangements with crossflow. The experimental investigations on impingement heat transfer characteristics and flow structures were made using thermochromic liquid crystal, fluorescent dyes and particle image velocimetry, PIV, techniques. Color patterns of the liquid crystal images taken with a CCD video camera were transformed into target wall temperature distributions and then into Nusselt number distributions by means of neural network algorithm. The flow patterns were visualized by using fluorescent dye injected into the jets and illuminated by a planer CW laser light. The cross-sectional images of a planer pulse laser light scattered by fine tracer particles were estimated with the PIV system and presented as the velocity distributions. It was observed that the geometrical arrangement of the inclined jets had an influence on the interaction between the two jet flows, on the vertical structures generated in the downstream of the jets, and eventually on the enhanced regions of jet impingement heat transfer. The large-scale four longitudinal vortices were generated in the case of staggered arrangement of the two inclined jets, while in the case of in-line arrangement only three major vortices were observed.

E. Fornalik, W. Leiner, J. S. Szmyd, T. A. Kowalewski, H. Ozoe (2004) "Visualization of the flow structure and temperature field in the region of mixed convection", Abstracts Book and CD-ROM ISBN 83-89697-01-1, Proceedings of 21st International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Warsaw, Poland.
Abstract
The results of experimental simulation of mixed convection in the process of single-crystal growth by Czochralski method are presented. Visualizations were done by dispersed encapsulated liquid crystals, which enable simultaneous measurements of the velocity and temperature fields. Experimental analysis was done for the cylindrical vessel kept in the isothermal conditions. Velocity fields showed appearance of vertical structures, whose number, shape and movement depend strongly on the Reynolds number. Velocity vectors maps are compared with the isotherms.

E. Fornalik, P. Filar, T. Tagawa, H. Ozoe, J. S. Szmyd, (2005) "Experimental study on the magnetic convection in a vertical cylinder", Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, vol. 29, pp. 971-980.
Abstract
The flow of paramagnetic fluid inside a cylinder placed in a bore of a superconducting magnet was studied experimentally. Single-phase closed thermosyphon configuration was employed. The lower side wall of the cylindrical enclosure was heated while the upper side wall was cooled with the thin adiabatic interface in between. The experiment was carried out with an aqueous solution of glycerol. The magnetic susceptibility of the working fluid was increased by adding Gd(NO3)3×6H2O and was measured by a magnetic susceptibility balance. The encapsulated liquid crystal slurry (KWN-2025, Japan Capsular Product Inc.) dispersed in the working fluid was illuminated in the middle height horizontal cross-section of the enclosure to visualize the temperature field. The color images of flow mode were taken by a digital camera. The average heat transfer rates were also measured. Depending on the Rayleigh number, different spoke patterns were observed. The number of angular structures (spokes) increased with increase not only in the Rayleigh number but also in the strength of magnetic field. The heated fluid was repelled by the magnetic field, while the cooled fluid was attracted. The magnetic field enhanced the heat transfer rate.

E. Fornalik, J. S. Szmyd (2005) "Turbulent heat transfer in a confined jet", Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, vol. 5, Nos. 3/4/5, pp.136-143.
Abstract
Using the triaxial thermoanemometer probe with a temperature sensor provided an experimental analysis of turbulent heat transfer in the recirculation zone of a confined jet. The measured raw data were analysed to obtain time-averaged characteristic of turbulence. The results allowed an evaluation of the turbulent heat flux components, which took their maximal values in the mixing region of primary and secondary streams. For better understanding of the heat transfer processes, a budget of turbulent heat flux was analysed, based on the derived equations presented in the cylindrical coordinate system. Applying derived equations and the measured turbulence characteristic; the values of particular components of heat flux budget were estimated and discussed. The heat and fluid flow data can be offered as a database for non-isothermal turbulent flow modelling.

T. Bednarz, E. Fornalik, T. Tagawa, H. Ozoe, J. S. Szmyd, (2005) "Experimental and numerical analyses of magnetic convection of paramagnetic fluid in a cube heated and cooled from opposing verticals walls" International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Volume 44, Issue 10, October, Pages 933-943.
Abstract
The effect of a strong magnetic field on the natural convection of paramagnetic fluid in a cubical enclosure was examined. The enclosure was heated from one vertical copper wall with electric wire and cooled from the opposite wall with water pumped from a thermostating bath. The temperatures of the cooled and heated walls were measured with six thermocouples. The working fluid consisted of 80% mass glycerol aqueous solution containing 0.8 [mol·(kg of solution)-1] of gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate to make it paramagnetic. A thermochromic liquid crystal slurry was added to the working fluid in order to visualize the temperature field in the illuminated cross-section. Numerical computations were carried out for a system corresponding to the experimental one, and computed Nusselt numbers agreed well with those obtained experimentally.

P. Filar, E. Fornalik, T. Tagawa, H. Ozoe, J.S. Szmyd (2006) "Numerical and Experimental Analyses of Magnetic Convection of Paramagnetic Fluid in a Cylinder", J. Heat Transfer, vol. 128, pp. 183-191.
Abstract
The magnetic convection of paramagnetic fluid in a cylindrical enclosure is studied experimentally and numerically. The upper side wall of the cylinder is cooled and the lower side wall heated, an unstable configuration. The whole system is placed coaxially in a bore of a superconducting magnet in the position of the minimum radial component of magnetic buoyancy force at the middle cross section of the enclosure. The stable configuration, when the whole system is placed inversely and the horizontal axial case are also considered. As a paramagnetic fluid an aqueous solution of glycerol with the gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate is used. The isotherms in the middle-height cross section are visualized by thermochromic liquid crystal slurry. For the unstable configuration the magnetic buoyancy force acts to assist the gravitational buoyancy force to give multiple spoke patterns at the mid cross section. The stable configuration gives an almost stagnant state without the magnetic field. Application of the magnetic field induces the convective flow similar to the unstable configuration. For the horizontal configuration a large roll convective flow (without the magnetic field) is changed under the magnetic field to the spoke pattern. The numerical results correspond to the experimental results.

E. Fornalik, P. Filar, T. Tagawa, H. Ozoe, J. S. Szmyd (2006) "Effect of magnetic field on the convection of paramagnetic fluid in the unstable and stable thermosyphon-like configurations", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (in press).
Abstract
Convection of a paramagnetic fluid inside a vertical cylinder placed in the bore of a superconducting magnet was studied. The bore and the cylinder were placed coaxially. The side wall of a top cylinder was electrically heated, while the side wall of a lower cylinder was cooled by running water through a constant temperature bath. Two configurations were investigated: unstable (the lower side wall heated and the upper one cooled) and stable (the lower wall cooled and the upper wall heated). A mixture of water and glycerol was used as a working fluid, and its magnetic susceptibility was increased by adding Gd(NO3)3×6H2O. Between the upper and lower side walls a Plexiglas thin cylinder plate was placed. This middle cross-section was illuminated with LED light to visualize the fluid temperature with dispersed liquid crystal slurry. For the unstable configuration, multiple spokes were observed with further increase in the number of spokes with a magnetic field. The magnetic field enhanced the convective flow and also induced flow from a quasi conduction state. The corresponding heat transfer rates were measured with and without a magnetic field. The differences between the stable and unstable configurations of the experimental setup were discussed.
Present projects
Analiza procesów zachodz±cych podczas wytwarzania kryształów metodą Czochralskiego (projekt KBN 3-T08B-075-27)
Development of the continous powder production system, Project No. FP6-002968 (www.dev-cpps.agh.edu.pl)